Krapar - Գրաբար - Classical Armenian

Participles, Infinitives and Verbal Adjectives
Ընդունելութիւնք, աներեւոյթք եւ բայական ածականք

Participles

Participles are essentially verbal adjectives. The one true participle used in Clas­sical Arme­nian is the Past Participle, which is formed by adding the suffix -եալ to the aorist stem of the verb. Par­tici­ples in Classical Armenian make no distinction between active and passive voices, and are declined as shown in the following example (ո-type, with vowel reduction):

Verb:  կամիմ = “will, intend”      Aorist stem:  կամեց–

Participle: կամեցեալ = “willed, intended”

SINGULAR
NOM կամեցեալ
ACC կամեցեալ
GEN կամեցելոյ
DAT կամեցելոյ
LOC կամեցեալ
ABL կամեցելոյ
INS կամեցելով
PLURAL
NOM կամեցեալք
ACC կամեցեալս
GEN կամեցելոց
DAT կամեցելոց
LOC կամեցեալս
ABL կամեցելոց
INS կամեցելովք

Participle Usage:

1.  Used as a past participle similar to English past participles.

2.  Used (and declined) as an attributive or predicate adjective.

3.  Used in periphrastic verbal constructions (participle plus auxiliary verb) to denote completed actions. The tense of the construction follows that of the auxiliary verb. Some statements may omit the auxiliary verb.

A.  Participle plus Present auxiliary verb yields Pre­sent Per­fect construction:

B.  Participle plus Imperfect auxiliary verb yields Pluper­fect construction:

C.  Participle plus Subjunctive auxiliary verb yields Future Per­fect construction:

4.  Used in conjunction with a conjugated finite verb that follows the participle(s), where in English all of the verbs would be finite.

5.  Used (and declined) as a substantive.

6.  Used with a noun in the genitive case, in which the noun acts as a “genitive subject”, whereby the participle (in the singular -եալ form) takes an accusative object.

Infinitives

Infinitive verbs abstractly expresses a verbal concept (action, process, state). Infinitives make no distinction between active and passive voices, and their forms are built on the present stem, plus the characteristic vowel (though ե and ի verbs both use ե), plus the ending -լ, as shown below:

ե & ի ա ու ո
Pres.
Verb
սիրեմ/-իմ լամ հեղում  գոմ
I love, am loved I weep I pour I exist
P-Stem սիր- լ- հեղ- գ-
Infinitive սիրել2 լալ հեղուլ գոլ
to love, be loved to weep to pour to exist

Infinitives are declined as follows (ո-type, with vowel loss in -ուլ infinitives):

-ել -ալ -ուլ -ոլ
SINGULAR
NOM սիրել լալ հեղուլ գոլ
ACC սիրել լալ հեղուլ գոլ
GEN սիրելոյ լալոյ հեղլոյ գոլոյ
DAT սիրելոյ լալոյ հեղլոյ գոլոյ
LOC սիրել լալ հեղուլ գոլ
ABL սիրելոյ լալոյ հեղլոյ գոլոյ
INS սիրելով լալով հեղլով գոլով
to love, be loved to weep to pour to exist

Infinitive usage:

1.  Used regularly as a complement after other verbs.

2.  Used (and declined) as a substantive.

3.  Often used in the instrumental case where a participle might otherwise occur:

4.  Sometimes used in the instrumental case in an absolute sense, with the logical subject in these contructions expressed by a noun in the genitive case:

Verbal Adjectives

Classical Armenian has two verbal adjectives that are often termed “participles”. The two types of verbal adjectives make no distinction between active and passive voices, and their forms are built on the present stem from which the inifinitive is derived, plus one of the following endings:

1.  -լոց.  This type of verbal adjective is termed the future participle or participium necessitatis, as it often connotes futurity or necessity.

2.  -լի.  This type of verbal adjective is termed the participle of possibility. It is used as a true adjective, often corresponding to English adjectives with the suffix -able, and is declined as shown in the following example (ի-ո-ա type):

Infinitive:  ցանկանալ = “to desire”

Adjective: ցանկանալի = “desireable”

SINGULAR
NOM ցանկանալի
ACC ցանկանալի
GEN ցանկանալւոյ
DAT ցանկանալւոյ
LOC ցանկանալի
ABL ցանկանալւոյ
INS ցանկանալեաւ
PLURAL
NOM ցանկանալիք
ACC ցանկանալիս
GEN ցանկանալեաց
DAT ցանկանալեաց
LOC ցանկանալիս
ABL ցանկանալեաց
INS ցանկանալեաւք/-եօք

1 Some manuscripts omit the word Աստուծոյ and read Դո՞ւ ես Քրի­ստոս Որդի օրհ­նելոյն, “Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed one?” (consistent with the Greek text: Σὺ εἶ ὁ Χρισ­τὸς, ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ εὐλο­γητοῦ). In this variant, the participle օրհնելոյն acts as a declined substantive.

2 In the Post-Classical period, the ending -իլ was used to distinguish -իմ verbs from -եմ verbs in the Pre­sent In­fini­tive.