Krapar & Kini

Participles, Infinitives and Verbal Adjectives
Ընդունելութիւնք, Աներեւոյթք եւ Բայական Ածականք

Participles

Participles are essentially verbal adjectives. The one true participle used in Classical Armenian is the Past Participle, which is formed by adding the suffix -եալ to the aorist stem of the verb. Participles in Classical Armenian make no distinction between active and passive voices, and are declined as shown in the following example:

Verb:  կամիմ  =  “will, intend”      Aorist stem:  կամեց–

Participle:  կամեցեալ  =  “willed, intended”

Singular Plural
NOM կամեցեալ կամեցեալք
ACC կամեցեալ կամեցեալս
GEN կամեցելոյ կամեցելոց
DAT կամեցելոյ կամեցելոց
LOC կամեցեալ կամեցեալս
ABL կամեցելոյ կամեցելոց
INS կամեցելով կամեցելովք

Participle Usage:

1.  Used as a past participle similar to English past participles.

2.  Used (and declined) as an attributive or predicate adjective.

3.  Used in periphrastic verbal constructions (participle plus auxiliary verb) to denote completed actions. The tense of the construction follows that of the auxiliary verb. Some statements may omit the auxiliary verb.

A.  Participle plus Present auxiliary verb yields Present Perfect construction:

B.  Participle plus Imperfect auxiliary verb yields Pluperfect construction:

C.  Participle plus Subjunctive auxiliary verb yields Future Perfect construction:

4.  Used in conjunction with a conjugated finite verb that follows the participle(s), where in English all of the verbs would be finite.

5.  Used (and declined) as a substantive.

6.  Used with an noun in the genitive case, in which the noun acts as a “genitive subject”, whereby the participle (in the singular -եալ form) with singular copula (linking verb) takes an accusative object.

Infinitives

Infinitive verbs abstractly expresses a verbal concept (action, process, state). Infinitives make no distinction between active and passive voices, and their forms are built on the present stem, plus the characteristic vowel (though ե and ի verbs both use ե), plus the ending , as shown below:

ե  ի1 ա ու ո
Present  սիրեմ սիրիմ լամ հեղում  գոմ
I love I am loved I weep I pour I exist
Infinitive սիրել սիրել1 լալ հեղուլ գոլ
to love to be loved to weep to pour to exist

Infinitives are declined as shown in the following example:

Verb:  կամիմ  =  “will, intend”

Infinitive:  կամել  =  “to will, to intend”

Singular Plural
NOM կամել կամելք
ACC կամել կամելս
GEN կամելոյ կամելոց
DAT կամելոյ կամելոց
LOC կամել կամելս
ABL կամելոյ կամելոց
INS կամելով կամելովք

Infinitive Usage:

1.  Used regularly as a complement after other verbs.

2.  Used (and declined) as a substantive.

3.  Often used in the instrumental case where a participle might otherwise occur:

4.  Sometimes used in the instrumental case in an absolute sense, with the logical subject in these contructions expressed by a genitive:

Verbal Adjectives

Classical Armenian has two verbal adjectives that are often termed “participles”. The two types of verbal adjectives make no distinction between active and passive voices, and their forms are built on the present stem from which the inifinitive is derived, plus one of the following endings:

1.  -լոց.  This type of verbal adjective is termed the future participle or participium necessitatis, as it often connotes futurity or necessity.

2.  -լի.  This type of verbal adjective is termed the participle of possibility. It is used as a true adjective, often corresponding to English adjectives with the suffix -able, and is declined as shown in the following example:

Infinitive:  ցանկանալ  =  “to desire”

Adjective:  ցանկանալի  =  “desireable”

Singular Plural
NOM ցանկանալի ցանկանալիք
ACC ցանկանալի ցանկանալիս
GEN ցանկանալւոյ ցանկանալեաց
DAT ցանկանալւոյ ցանկանալեաց
LOC ցանկանալի ցանկանալիս
ABL ցանկանալւոյ ցանկանալեաց
INS ցանկանալեաւ ցանկանալեօք (-եաւք)

1 In the Post-Classical period, the infinitive ending -իլ was used to distinguish -իմ verbs, e.g., սիրիլ = “to be loved”.